PSG has now claimed the season-opening cup on fourteen separate times.
The Parisian giants required a stoppage-time leveler followed by a perfect penalty shootout to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight French Super Cup victory.
The European champions appeared to be sailing towards a comfortable win in the showdown featuring the French league winners and the Coupe de France winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the net in the opening stages.
However, Marseille struck two times in the closing moments to seize a shock advantage. First, Mason Greenwood scored from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking twist of events, the Portuguese striker snatched a vital leveler in the dying seconds to force the contest into a penalty shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, stopping crucial kicks from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and the young talent all converted successfully for PSG to seal a 4-1 penalty victory.
The record champions PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now lifted this competition for the 12th time in the last thirteen years.